Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: The Universe at a glance - The fundamentals
Introduction
Setting up the fundamental equations
Looped strings as constituent of Dark Energy
Open strings as constituent of Dark Energy
Energy density of activated strings in restframe1
Timescale of Dark Energy
Looped and open strings in the same universe
The magnitude of energy densities
Curvature of the universe
Event Horizons
Chapter 2 Matter and Spacetime
Energy field of a mass
Spacetime cavity
Looped and open strings vs energy field radius of a mass
Chapter 3: Extra Dimensions and Their Role in the Universe
Background
Looped string extra dimension objects
a) Pulsating extra dimension cylinders
b) Orbiting extra dimension cylinders
Open string extra dimension objects
a) Magnetic Monopole
b) Tubular Monopole – Charge
c) Photon
d) Attachment of 2D open strings to activated looped strings
Chapter 4: Fundamental Particles and Standard Model at String Level
Background
Proton
Electron
Neutron
Photon
Atom
Higgs Boson
Magnetism
Relationship of a charge and magnetic monopole
Chapter 5: Dark Matter
Activated looped strings - Dark matter structure at string level
Energy-momentum in the universe
Activated open strings
Chapter 6: Gravity
Activated looped strings
Coordinates of the curvature of spacetime of a macro-mass and its quantum gravity
Classical Newtonian gravity
Chapter 7: Electromagnetic forces
Activated open strings
Coulomb’s law
Comparison of gravity and electromagnetic force
Chapter 8: Creation and regeneration of activated three-dimensional strings
E-loop string
Three-dimensional looped strings
E-portals
E-portals and singularity
Activated three-dimensional open strings
Propagation of two-dimensional looped strings
Propagation of two-dimensional open strings
Quantum entanglement of particles
String tension
Regeneration of activated open strings
Regeneration of activated looped strings
Chapter 9: Strings, Entropy, and Temperature
Chapter 10: Blackholes
Structure and gravity at string level
Entropy and temperature
Magnetic Monopoles
Blackholes and the universe
Information and blackholes
Final space transformation
Chapter 11: Strings and Time
Time
Time and string resistance forces
Weak and Strong interactions
Resistance force on a mass
String resistance force and wave properties
String resistance force and Blackholes
Strings and expansion of the universe
Number of dimensions in the universe
Chapter 12: A brief overview of the Big Bang
Closing Remarks
Selected References